Women in Combat-Arms A Case for the Status Quo Ante - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1352 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/15 Category Security Essay Level High school Tags: Women in Combat Essay Did you like this example? Women in Combat-Arms: A Case for the Status Quo Ante Combat-arms units that are mixed-gender perform worse than all-male units by almost every metric. This is a factual, but controversial statement. Despite the controversy, it should be kept in focus throughout any discussion of gender-integration of combat-arms units. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Women in Combat-Arms: A Case for the Status Quo Ante" essay for you Create order It is an uncontroversial statement to say that women are valuable and productive members of society. Any reasonable person, male or female, would have to concur. The controversy arises when we begin to assign roles to women that constrain their area of productivity or societal contribution. Indeed, we need not assign anything at all in order to generate consternation; we need only assert those roles which have been considered traditional up to the present day. It may be helpful when doing so to examine why those roles came about, at least regarding our subject: women serving in combat roles by being integrated into combat-arms units. Combat Arms units in the US Army should not be coed because sex-integration negatively impacts esprit-de-corps, morale, and mission readiness. Women have played an important part in the United States armed forces since the Revolutionary War. They have served in many roles, many of which were non-combat-arms. These roles included logistics, communications, administration, and most famously: nursing. In 2016, Department of Defense (DoD) policy changed to allow women, who comprise about 15% of the military, to be eligible to serve in combat-arms units (Task and Purpose, 2017). In order to illustrate why this policy is potentially harmful to the militarys warfighting capabilities, an honest discussion of the physical differences between the sexes is called for. A yearlong study conducted by the United States Marine Corps (USMC) yielded confirmation of long-recognized differences between the sexes in areas that directly affect combat task performance. The study contrasted mixed-gender squads against all-male squads. One of the significant discoveries was that the mixed-gender squads were less lethal than their counterparts. This was due to mixed-gender squads performing worse with various weapons-systems typical to an infantry team (M4, M249, M203). These squads not only scored lower in basic marksmanship; they moved slower and generally performed worse in combat drills that featured tactical movement with the afore-mentioned weapons (Peralta, 2015). The females generally had a more difficult time moving with the weapons and associated gear required for the combat infantry mission. A potential explanation for these difficulties lies in the physical differences between the sexes. According to the Marine Corps study; females have a higher percentage of body fat: 24% for females and 20% for males. On average, females possess 15% less anaerobic capacity, and 10% less aerobic capacity than males. This means that the top 10% of female overlapped with the bottom 50% of males. Even more concerning than that, however, is that female Marines were 6 times more likely to be injured in training than their male counterparts (Peralta, 2015). The discrepancies in average performances and injury rates is partially explained by more physiological facts. The average female Marine was more than 4 inches shorter, had 37 fewer pounds of muscle, and had nearly 6 pounds more fat than a male. They also were measured to have only 55% of the upper body strength and 70% of the lower body strength of a male Marine (Peralta, 2015). These differences have been recognized and codified in the differing physical testing standards the military uses to evaluate their servicemembers. Every branch of the U.S. Armed Forces has lower standards for passing on their respective physical fitness test for females (Fumento, 2016). The military is supposed to be a meritocracy. Because of the unique nature of its mission, the military has the legal ability to discriminate based on physical condition and fitness in ways that civilian or other governmental agencies are not able. This is because the ability to successfully prosecute a war requires the best, most fit, most disciplined Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Marines available. In order to fit females into roles formerly closed to them, the DoD must simultaneously enact policies that ignore important differences between males and females (open combat-arms to females) and keep in place physical testing standards that acknowledge those differences vis-? -vis lower standards for females (Simons, 2018). This schizophrenic policy and the cognitive dissonance that seems to have resulted from it breeds confusion, mistrust, and resentment. These feelings are not conducive to building and maintaining effective warfighting units (Klimas, 2016). The usual arguments cited against integrating combat-arms units can be made again: there will be romantic entanglements and competition for the affection and attention of the females. These entanglements will lead to pregnancies. We know these things occur on a regular basis because we see them happening in non-combat-arms units that are currently gender-integrated. The means by which the DoD attempts to mitigate these problems creates further complications. Separate sleeping quarters, for example, presents serious logistical challenges; and can be very expensive. The Navys current program to refurbish its submarines is a contemporary example. Separate quarters also prevents the sort of bonding that occurs between servicemembers of the same gender (Klimas, 2016). In the midst of the debate over whether or not the new policy is tenable and practical, few people are talking about what seems to be a lack of enthusiasm for this experiment on the part of women themselves: they are not signing up. The vehemence with which advocates for the change demand it would suggest that there would have been a rush to fill these slots by females. The opposite seems to be the case (Scoti, 2016). The Sergeant Major of the Army (the highest-ranking enlisted member of the Army and advisor to the Secretary of the Army) recently put out a call for female Soldiers to step up and sign up for combat-arms jobs (Tan, 2016). If this radical policy is expensive, causes morale and esprit-de-corps problems, decreases the effectiveness of combat-arms units, and is not being embraced by those it was meant to benefit; then should it be in place (Donnelly, 2016). The military should not be the place for social experimentation. While it is often referred to as a microcosm of society; to a great degree, the military is a bastion against societal change. It is so because war will always place a demand for disciplined, fit Soldiers who can close with and destroy the enemy. Policies that allow for females to serve in combat-arms units sabotage the ability of the nation to fulfill the requirements of that demand. They endanger national security by placing political concerns over mission-readiness and warfighting capability. According to the Presidential Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces: Any unnecessary distraction or any dilution of the combat effectiveness puts the mission and lives in jeopardy. Risking the lives of a military unit in combat to provide career opportunities or accommodate the personal desires or interests of an individual, or group of individuals, is more than bad military judgment. It is morally wrong. References Donnelly, E. (2016). Statement for the Record: Executive Summary. Center for Military Readiness, Senate Armed Services Committee. Retrieved from https://cmrlink.org/data/sites/85/CMRDocuments/ExecSummDonnellySASCStatement_020216.pdf Fumento, M. (2016). A Weighty Argument Against Women in Combat. The American Conservative. Retrieved from https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/a-weighty-argument-against-women-in-combat/comment-page-1/ Herres, R. (1992). The Presidential Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces (Report to the President). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Klimas, J. (2016). Integrating Women Into Combat Reduces Effectiveness, Harms Unit Cohesion. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/problems-women-combat-cant-be-mitigated-report/ Peralta, E. (2015). Marine Corps Study: All-Male Combat Units Performed Better Than Mixed Units. The Two-Way: Breaking News From NPR. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/09/10/439190586/marine-corps-study-finds-all-male-combat-units-faster-than-mixed-units Scoti, C. (2016). After All That, Few Female Soldiers Sign Up For Combat. The Fiscal Times. Retrieved from www.thefiscaltimes.com/2016/08/02/After-All-Few-Women-Soldiers-Sign-Combat Simons, A. (2018). Women Dont Belong In Combat: Opposing View. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/08/26/women-combat-ranger-school-sex-editorials-debates/32415995/ Tan, M. (2016). SMA: Army Needs Female Soldiers to Step Up for Combat Jobs. The Army Times. Retrieved from https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2016/08/01/sma-army-needs-female-soldiers-to-step-up-for-combat-jobs/ TIMELINE: A History of Women in the U.S. Military. (2017). TIMELINE: A History of Women in the U.S. Military. Task and Purpose. Retrieved from https://taskandpurpose.com/timeline-history-women-us-military/

The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 973 Words

The Cold War was a state of economic, diplomatic, and ideological discord among nations without armed conflict. The Cold War was between the United States and the USSR because these were the two major powers after WWII. Basically, the Cold War was a series of proxy wars that had taken place back in time involving surrounding countries. One of the main causes for Cold War was that the Soviet Union was spreading communism and the United States didn’t like that so they were trying to contain communism. However, in the end they failed. Many events took place in other countries. In Korea, Vietnam, Latin America, and China, communism took over; however, before it did, major wars had taken place. The cold war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union worsened the condition of countries involved. The Cold War broke countries into two parts that turned against each other, the United States and the Soviet Union used these countries to fight their war and caused a big disturbance to daily l ife, and the Communist States fought the Non-Communist States; however, the end results of these wars only caused more damage in these countries. The Cold War affected the countries involved by splitting them into two parts that turned against each other. Korea, Vietnam, and China were greatly affected by the Cold War; these countries had split into two parts because of their beliefs in communism. The north part of the country was the communist side and the south part was non-communist. The Cold WarShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is unique among war’s to be not a war between states, but a war between ideologies. The United States and other allies defend social democracy capitalism, as the pinnacle of freedom and equality; and the Soviet Union though communism was the pinnacle of equality. These ideologies manifested themselves through the superpowers, which caused the conflict between them. Both the United States, and the Soviet Union are to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. The United State’s missionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1697 Wo rds   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, in fact didn’t take place in the winter season, but was just as dangerously cold and unwelcoming, as it focused on two contrasting powers: the U.S. and the Soviet Union. After World War 2, the Cold War influenced capitalist U.S. and communist Soviet Union to engage in disagreements causing many disputes having to use military, economic and humanitarian aid. With different goals, the contrasting powers prove through the Marshall Plan, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and SALT that communismRead MoreThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and opinions of how the cold war started. Some believe that the cold war was the result of the belligerence of Joseph Stalin and the insecurity it caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the worldRead MoreCold War And The Soviet Union859 Words   |  4 PagesAMS2270 Cold War This essay will discuss about cold war, including the background, beginning, progress and ending. As we know, cold war is a struggle between U.S. with NATO and Soviet Union with WTO from 1947 to 1991. It is a significant event in history, and it influence the almost all of world, it directly lead to the radical change of eastern Europe and the breakup of the USSR. In 1946 February, George.F.Kennan wrote a â€Å"Long Telegram†, it clearly said the strategy of containing Soviets and itRead MoreThe Cold War On The Soviet Union1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War’s effect on the Soviet Union Shortly after the World War 2 ended, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies entered the cold war with the Soviet Union. Germany was divided in half and later, the Berlin Wall was constructed as a physical boundary between the Soviet controlled East Germany and NATO controlled West Germany. This standoff continued until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1391 Words   |  6 Pageswake of World War II as the decades-long force of Germany’s reign came to its conclusion, an extensive repositioning of authority among the world’s top powers began. The war wielded devastating consequences for most countries involved and effectively diminished the dominance Britain and France once employed across the globe. Out of this devastation rose the two new dominating forces of the world who were triumphant in the aftermath of the war: the U nited States and the Soviet Union. The United StatesRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period in world history marked with increased tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded thatRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1343 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: As one of the most important events in 20th century, the Cold War had a very deep influence for the human-being civilization and it changed the world structure . The United States and the Soviet Union ,the two poles, became enemies from friends after the World War II. They adopt hostile attitude towards each other and criticized the the opponents’ social systems. To find out who provoked the Cold War, the US, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdoms ,Roosevelt, Truman ,Stalin, and ChurchillRead MoreThe Soviet Union And The Cold War1038 Words   |  5 PagesAfter a series of events during the time of World War II, tensions between the United States and the Communists such as the Soviet Union and China, developed into a military and political conflict such as the Cold War. During the Cold War, which went on for 50 years, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to expand their economical and political influence. Although, the United States military has increased in size and it’s strategy. The United States power today is highly supreme when itRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1710 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States and the Soviet Union were allies, jointly triumphant in World War II, which ended with total victory for Soviet and American forces over Adolf Hitler s Nazi empire in Europe. However, within just a few years, wartime allies became mortal enemies, locked in a global stru ggle: military, political, economic, and ideological, to prevail in a new Cold War. The Cold War was a time of extreme tension between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union and the United States

Negative Effects of Computer Usage on Eye Sight Free Essays

Although the computer has crucial importance in our lives but still it has some negative effects upon our health. It effects the eyesight of an individual if there is maximum exposure to the computer screen. It might develop the long or the short sightedness if the frquency of the use is high. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Effects of Computer Usage on Eye Sight or any similar topic only for you Order Now It may results in headache relatively for the larger time span and in turns effect the brain cells of the human being. It incorporates a wide variety of the knowledge in itself and when the viewer come across the new phrases and techniques,it definitely demands and requires time and thus in turn result in the stress condition which is not good for the health of the human being. Distance of the screen of the computer from the eye also have the negative symptoms as the particular level being defined by the doctor is not been followed. In children it is flourishing more day by day as they are more exposed to the entertainment side of the computer and that is games which are being installed in the computer. Eyes of the children gets affected when they put a load on their eyes while focussing on a particular task and it may effect their eye sight. It is necessary not to work constantly on the computer. It is important to take the short breaks so that the effect of continously looking at the screen could get minimized. It is quite important to preserve the vision by taking different eye exercises. Continous and the frequent use of the computer sometimes results in the vision that is blur and the things doesnot look as they are in real. In short while using the computer it is necessary to follow the instructions of the doctor and have regular check ups of the eyes. How to cite Negative Effects of Computer Usage on Eye Sight, Essay examples

Sources of Finance Disney

Question: Discuss about theSources of Financefor Disney. Answer: Introduction Many different sources of finances are available for the business enterprises for the purpose different activities. Finance sources can be selected using the amount of finance required for particular business activity and also time period for which capital is required plays an important role. While looking for the external sources of finance it is important to check the risk associated with sources of finance that has been selected. Leverage amount is also to be considered in every source of finance before selecting any option. In this report, discussion will be made on various sources of finance available to Disney for the purpose of expansion. Sources of Finance for Disney As per sources of generation there are two main sources of finance, Internal and External. Internal sources of finance can be retained profits, owners capital and sale of fixed assets. External sources of finance can be bank loan or overdraft, issue of common or preferred shares, leasing, hire purchase, and trade and issue of bonds or debentures (Mayo, 2011). In order to finance for expansion purpose, Disney must look for external sources of finance as expansion programs requires huge investment and it is not possible to generate that much amount from current business that helps in expansion project. External source of finance is the method used in business to generate the funds from various sources outside the business context. Shareholders Capital It is one of the most frequently used sources of finance and most of stock exchange listed companies make use of them. In this method, company makes an initial public offer for their common shares at fixed price that can either at discounted price or premium price. These shares can be taken by the public and they become shareholders after the allocation have been made to them. In other words all the shareholders that have invested in the common shares issued by the company become the owners of the company. In this source of finance company is not bound to pay the leverage amount but to maintain the creditability company pays the dividend to their shareholders from the profit left after deduction of all expenses. The major disadvantage of generating the funds through issue of common shares is that it takes months to complete the process of issue of shares and public invest only in those companies that high rate of return and maintains low risk. This source of capital is permanent in n ature and only requires to repayment at the time of wide up of company or repayment of issued capital. Disney Company is already listed on the stock exchange and it requires expanding the business, so it is easy for the company to generate the required amount through making the right issue or IPO for fresh shares. Financial Loan from Banks or Financial Institution It is most easy and expensive source of finance as it links directly to the source person. Here source of finance are banks and other financial intuitions that sanction the required funds on the basis of credibility of company and various other aspects (Rigby, 2011). This source of finance is expensive because it requires payment of interest at fixed rate of interest at regular interval. Disney Company needs finance for the expansion of business activities at any other location or any other country, so it requires large amount of finance at lowest interest rate with flexible tenure period. As the creditability of Disney Company was maintained, so it is easy for the company to finance the loans from the banks at low interest rate if possible. Debentures and Bonds Issue of debentures or bonds is another way of finance the capital but requires payment of fixed rate of interest known as coupon rate. In this source of finance funds can be raised through issuing the debentures or bonds in the market. These bonds can also be issued in the favor of financial institution in lieu of equivalent amount of loans (Megginson and Smart, 2008). Bonds can be divided as secured or unsecured. Secured bonds are those bonds that charge on the asset of the company and carries low interest rates where as unsecured bonds are those that issued at high interest rate but they have no charge on assets of company. Disney Company can raised debt capital through issue of bonds of equivalent value that is required for investment in expansion program. Conclusion It can be concluded that there various sources of finance available to the Disney Company and it is the duty of finance manager to chose the best alternative through making the analyzing of the all the available sources of finance. References Mayo, H. B. 2011. Basic Finance: An Introduction to Financial Institutions, Investments, and Management. Mason: Cengage Learning. Megginson, W. L. and Smart, S. B. 2008. Introduction to Corporate Finance. Mason: Cengage Learning. Rigby, G. 2011. Types and Sources of Finance for Start-up and Growing Businesses. Britain: Harriman House.